Facts About the Number e 2.7182818284590452...

If you asked someone to name his or her favorite mathematical constant, you would probably get some quizzical looks. After a while someone may volunteer that the best constant is pi.  But this is not the only important mathematical constant. A close second, if not contender for the crown of most ubiquitous constant is e. This number shows up in calculus, number theory, probability and statistics.  We will examine some of the features of this remarkable number, and see what connections it has with statistics and probability. Value of e Like pi, e is an irrational real number. This means that it cannot be written as a fraction, and that its decimal expansion goes on forever with no repeating block of numbers that continually repeats. The number e is also transcendental, which means that it is not the root of a nonzero polynomial with rational coefficients. The first fifty decimal places of are given by e 2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995. Definition of e The number e was discovered by people who were curious about compound interest. In this form of interest, the principal earns interest and then the interest generated earns interest on itself. It was observed that the greater the frequency of compounding periods per year, the higher the amount of interest generated. For instance, we could look at interest being compounded: Annually, or once a yearSemiannually, or twice a yearMonthly, or 12 times a yearDaily, or 365 times a year The total amount of interest increases for each of these cases. A question arose as to how much money could possibly be earned in interest. To attempt to make even more money we could, in theory, increase the number of compounding periods to as high a number as we wanted. The end result of this increase is that we would consider the interest being compounded continuously. While the interest generated increases, it does so very slowly. The total amount of money in the account actually stabilizes, and the value that this stabilizes to is e. To express this using a mathematical formula we say that the limit as n increases of (11/n)n e. Uses of e The number e shows up throughout mathematics. Here are a few of the places where it makes an appearance: It is the base of the natural logarithm. Since Napier invented logarithms, e is sometimes referred to as Napiers constant.In calculus, the exponential function ex has the unique property of being its own derivative.Expressions involving ex and e-x combine to form the hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine functions.Thanks to the work of Euler, we know that the fundamental constants of mathematics are interrelated by the formula eiÃŽ   10, where i is the imaginary number which is the square root of negative one.The number e shows up in various formulas throughout mathematics, especially the area of number theory. The Value e in Statistics The importance of the number e is not limited to just a few areas of mathematics. There are also several uses of the number e in statistics and probability.  A few of these are as follows: The number e makes an appearance in the formula for the gamma function.The formulas for the standard normal distribution involves e to a negative power. This formula also includes pi.Many other distributions involve the use of the number e. For example, the formulas for the t-distribution, gamma distribution, and chi-square distribution all contain the number e.

The Symbolic Language of Dreams - 841 Words

I found the reading The Symbolic Language of Dreams, written by Stephens King, a very interesting story to write about. King stated a quote in his introduction saying that dreams are a useful way that help people find the nature of their problems; or, find answers to their problems in a symbolic way. The purpose of this essay is to show that dreams and imaginations were two main factors in King s successful life. Hence, dreams and imaginations are critical factors when writing; they sure can resolve many issues and expand our thoughts in order to write better and longer books. Without passion writing good books is impossible. King claims that his book Salem s Lot was the perfect example of using a dream in his writings. Dreams are†¦show more content†¦But in the middle, the world is gone and I m able to see better (22). From this we can conclude that King is very passionate about dreaming and writing. King showed us his passion by using beautiful metaphors where he compares dreams to the fish that live in the ocean. He said that deep fish are to surface fish, what deep dreams are to surface thoughts -- meaning that, when we try to get the deep fish to the water surface, theyShow MoreRelatedCarl Jung Symbol1160 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Carl Jung’s â€Å"The Importance of Dreams† Jung, one of the most important and most complex psychological theorist of all time, holds the belief that dreams are symbols of human unconsciousness. He finds the very intimate relationship between symbol, unconsciousness and dreams. In his essay â€Å" The Importance of Dreams†, Jung describes that man produces symbols unconsciously and spontaneously, in the forms of dreams. He says that dreams are outlet of unconsciousness. 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Most of us cringe at the thought of re-living some of our worst nightmares, but that’s not the case for novelist Stephen King. He uses his dreams and nightmares to sculpt his stories to his liking. King believes that dreams are the way our minds translateRead MoreKubla Khan1621 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Kublah Khan† Samuel Coleridges poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† is an example of romantic creative thought which uses idealistic process to capture a dream of another world. Through the use of strong imagery, Coleridge produces a paradise like vision of a rich landscape, which is surrounded by a dome built by the main character named for the title, Kublah Khan. This alludes to an important aspect of the poems theme, man verses nature. The overriding theme of the work contains extensive imagery that allows forRead MoreAnalysis Of After Apple Picking By Robert Frost1381 Words   |  6 Pagesand death. The chore of apple picking is symbolic of life while sleep is symbolic of death. 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Community Health Department Investigation Free Essays

The Health Department received a letter notifying them of a possible health problem in regards to students at Truman and Jackson Middle Schools. It is my duties as a member of the investigative team to find out if there was an increase of absences and for what classes. In looking at the charts it would appear that the absences occurred for the band classes at Truman and Jackson Middle Schools on May 20th. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Health Department Investigation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The chart shows an absent rate of 33% for Truman and 25% for Jackson (â€Å"Independent School District 12 Intranet†). According to the letter from the principal at Truman Middle School she is concerned that a flu outbreak could be the cause of the student’s absences but there is also information from the Health Department inspections that shows restaurants with violations such as: sanitation, food storage, and food preparation. My first hypothesis would be that the students from Truman and Jackson were absent from school on the 20th because they ate at one of the restaurants and caught food poisoning. Several of the students had similar symptoms such as: diarrhea, fever, and vomiting which kept them from attending school. My second hypothesis would be that the students from the two schools came in contact with another which could have lead them to transmitting the flu to one another. This would be supported by the fact that on the calendar of events the students attended the Battle of the Bands on May 19th, which was a day before the absences started taking place. There are six testable questions that could help with the investigation: how close are Truman and Jackson schools, did other band students from Kennedy and Roosevelt report the same symptoms, was there direct contact between the students at Truman and Jackson, were the band students from Kennedy and Roosevelt in contact with the students from Truman and Jackson, was the reported illnesses from students who played the same instrument, and how close are Kennedy and Roosevelt to Truman and Jackson. The following statement: â€Å"The Brentwood Indians basketball team lost the state championship because there is bad stuff in the stars happening with Mars in Aquarius†, is not a suitable hypothesis. In order for â€Å"bad stuff† to be tested we would need to know what exactly it is that they are referring to as â€Å"bad stuff†. How to cite Community Health Department Investigation, Essay examples

International Financial Reporting Standards †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the International Financial Reporting Standards. Answer: Introduction: A direct quotation in the outside trade markets indicates the estimation of the American dollar is expressed as a for each unit measure of a remote cash. This sort of citation indicates the amount U.S. cash it takes to buy one unit of outside money (Allen, Hemming Potter 2013). This part empowers you to oversee trade rates for every money match utilizing immediate or circuitous citation. The kind of citation utilized is reliant on available standard. You can characterize the kind of citation per customer and money combines (business exchange). Indirect quotation has not been required as of not long ago, on the grounds that immediate citation was normally utilized for trade rates (Avdjiev, McCauley Shin 2016). With the beginning of the double cash period of the European Monetary Union (EMU), backhanded citation is presently utilized inside Europe for trade rates with the euro. Backhanded citation is additionally winding up more generally acknowledged globally. Up to this point, there were numerous restrictions associated with handling aberrant trade rates. Indirect quotation is the place the cost of one unit of outside cash is given in units of nearby money, while roundabout citation is the place the cost of one unit of neighbourhood money is given in units of remote cash (Brigham Ehrhardt 2013). The conversion scale of an outside money is communicated as proportionate to a specific number of units of the household cash. This is typically communicated as the measure of remote cash expected to trade for 1 unit or 100 units of residential money. The more significant the residential cash, the more prominent the measure of remote money it can trade for and the lower the conversion scale. At the point when the local money turns out to be less significant, it can trade for a littler measure of outside cash and the conversion scale drops (Brooke 2016). Under indirect quotation, the ascent and fall of trade rates are straightforwardly identified with the adjustments in estimation of the household money. At the point when the estimation of the household cash rises, the trade rates additionally rise; and when the estimation of the residential money falls, the trade rates fall too. A indirect quotation in the outside trade showcases that communicates the measure of remote cash required to purchase or offer one unit of the residential cash (Cangiano, Curristine Lazare, 2013). An indirect quotation is otherwise called an "amount citation," since it communicates the amount of outside cash required to purchase units of the household money. As such, the local money is the base cash in a backhanded quote, while the remote cash is the counter cash. A indirect quotation is the inverse or complementary of an immediate quote, otherwise called a "value citation," since it communicates the cost of one unit of an outside cash as far as the local money. According to the given problem, the quote in Australia is $0.801, which denotes that 1 AUD is equal to $0.801. Hence, the cost of AUD 250,000 in terms of USD could be computed with the help of the unitary method as follows: AUD 1 = $0.801 AUD 250,000 = $(0.801 x 250,000) = $200,250 Therefore, it could be inferred that the cost of AUD 250,000 would be $200,250. According to the provided question, the bid rate is provided as $1.2772/GBP and the ask rate is provided as $1.2787/GBP. In this scenario, $20,000 has been converted into GBP and then it has been converted back to USD. 1.2772 USD = 1 GBP 1 USD = (1/1.2772) GBP 20,000 USD = (1/1.2772 x 20,000) GBP = 15,659.25 GBP It is assumed that the ask rate is considered for reverting the amount back to USD. In order to convert the above amount back to USD, the following calculation has been made: 1 GBP = 1.2787 USD 15,659.25 GBP = (1.2772 x 15,659.25) USD = 20,023.48 USD In this case, the aim is to earn $1,750 on a round trip transaction by buying at bid rate and selling at the ask rate. From the above calculation, it has been found that a profit of $23.48 has been earned by conversion of 15,659.25 GBP. 23.48 USD = 15,659.25 GBP 1 USD = (15,659.25/ 23.48) GBP 1,750 USD = (15,659.25/23.48 X 1,750) GBP = 1,167,107.44 GBP In this case, the ask rate is considered to find out the amount of USD needed to generate 1,750 USD. Therefore, the amount of USD to be raised is calculated as follows: 1 GBP = 1.2787 USD 1,167,107.44 GBP = (1.2787 x 1,167,107.44) USD = 1,492,380.55 USD The inference of residential money in remote trade showcase is a critical instrument within national bank's toolbox along with maintaining key thought while setting financial strategy. Through implication, in this way, cash levels impacts several financial factors (Cavusgil et al. 2014). It can be deemed that financing cost paid within home loan, the profits on speculation portfolio along with basic needs cost in your nearby general store along with maitaining employment prospects. Cash variances are results of drifting conversion scale framework, which is standard for real economies. Swapping scale of money is deemed to be affected by various key and specialized variables. As these variables are largely in a condition of unending motion, money esteems change starting with one minute then onto the next. In any case, in spite of the fact that a cash's level is to a great extent expected to be controlled by the hidden economy, the tables are frequently turned, as gigantic developments in a money can manage the economy's fortunes. The outside trade showcase is usually known as FOREX, an overall system, which empowers the trades the world over. The accompanying are the principle elements of outside trade showcase, which are really the result of its working: Exchange Function: The essential and most obvious capability of outside trade indicates is the asset exchanges (remote cash) that initiates from a nation then settlement of instalments (Deresky, 2017). It essentially incorporates transformation of cash, in which an aspect of Starting with for exchanging acquiring power that initiates with a nation and ends with other. For instance, India import merchandise from the USA and instalment in dollars, while transformation of rupee to dollar can be supported by FOREX (Dudin et al. 2015). Credit Function: FOREX offers transient credit to shippers for encouraging smooth merchandise stream and ventures from nation to nation. A shipper might use credit for supporting remote buys. For instance, an Indian organization requires purchasing apparatus from USA, might purchase by issuing a trade bill in remote trade platform, with development of three months. Forex Market Participants Customers and Travellers: Buyers may buy merchandise in a remote nation or through web with charge card. The customers pay remote money might be changed over to their home cash on financial record. Voyagers must visit the bank or money trade agency to change with cash (their "home" money) into another ("goal" cash) at the time of using money to pay products and enterprises within the country. Voyagers must understand rates to guarantee they attain reasonable arrangement (Jindrichovska, 2013). Organizations: Organizations frequently must change over monetary standards when they direct exchange from outskirts the country. Huge companies must alter over tremendous measures of money; a multinational organization. This is for instance; General Electric (GE) for example, changes with several billions of dollars all through the years. Financial specialists and Speculators: Financial specialists and examiners require money trade at whatever point they bargain in any outside venture, be it values, securities, bank stores, or land. Financial specialists and theorists additionally exchange monetary standards trying to profit by developments in the cash trade markets (Jung 2017). An extremely short record of certain vital sorts of exchanges led in the outside trade advertises is given underneath. Spot Market: The term spot trade alludes to the class of remote trade exchange, which requires the quick conveyance, or trade of monetary forms on the spot. Practically speaking the settlement happens inside two days in many markets. The rate of trade successful for the spot exchange is known as the spot rate and the market for such exchanges is known as the spot display (Phan, Mascitelli Barut 2014). The forward exchanges is an assertion between two gatherings, requiring the conveyance at some predefined future date of a predetermined measure of outside cash by one of the gatherings, against instalment in residential money be the other party, at the cost settled upon in the agreement. The rate of trade pertinent to the forward contract is known as the forward swapping scale and the market for forward exchanges is known as the forward market (Knights Tinker 2016). The outside trade controls of different nations for the most part manage the forward trade exchanges with a view to checking hypothesis in the remote trades advertise. For instance, business banks are allowed to offer forward cover just concerning real fare and import exchanges. Forward trade offices, clearly, are of gigantic help to exporters and merchants as they can cover the dangers emerging out of swapping scale changes are going into a suitable forward trade contract. With reference to its association with spot rate, the forward rate might be at standard, markdown or premium. In the event that the forward conversion scale cited is correct proportional to the spot rate at the season of making the agreement the forward swapping scale is said to be at standard (Madura, 2015). The forward rate for a cash, say the dollar, is said to be at premium concerning the spot rate when one dollar purchases more units of another money, say rupee, in the forward than in the spot rate on a for e ach annum premise. The forward rate for a cash, say the dollar, is said to be at markdown as for the spot rate when one dollar purchases less rupees in the forward than in the spot showcase. The markdown is likewise generally communicated as a rate deviation from the spot rate on a for every annum premise (Petty et al. 2015). The forward swapping scale is resolved for the most part be the interest for and supply of forward trade. Normally when the interest for forward trade surpasses its supply, the forward rate will be cited at a premium and then again, when the supply of forward trade surpasses the interest for it, the rate will be cited at markdown (McKinney 2015). At the point when the supply is identical to the interest for forward trade, the forward rate will have a tendency to be at standard. While a concentration contract is like a forward contract, there are a few contrasts between them. While a forward contract is carefully fit for the customer be his universal bank, a future contract has institutionalized elements the agreement size and development dates are institutionalized. Prospects taxicab exchanged just on a sorted out trade and they are exchanged aggressively. Edges are not required in regard of a forward contract but rather edges are expected of all members in the fates showcase an underlying edge must be stored into a security record to build up a prospects position (Brooke 2016). While the forward or prospects contract ensures the buyer of the agreement fro m the unfavorable swapping scale developments, it takes out the likelihood of picking up a benefit from positive conversion scale development. A choice is an agreement or money related instrument that gives holder the privilege, yet not the commitment, to offer or purchase a given amount of a benefit as a predefined cost at a predetermined future date (Brooke 2016). An alternative to purchase the fundamental resource is known as a call choice and a choice to offer the basic resource is known as a put choice. Purchasing or offering the fundamental resource through the alternative is known as practicing the choice. The expressed cost paid (or got) is known as the activity or striking cost. The purchaser of an alternative is known as the long and the merchant of a choice is known as the essayist of the choice, or the short. The cost for the alternative is known as premium (Brooke 2016). Types of options: With reference to their activity qualities, there are two sorts of choices, American and European. A European alternative taxi is practiced just at the development or lapse date of the agreement, while an American choice can be practiced whenever amid the agreement. Internationalization is an extremely vital and key choice that an organization takes in its lifetime. Certain essentials should be met before a firm can consider nationalizing and turning into a MNC. The first is high nation engaging quality. The nation ought to have the capacity to offer something that will guarantee an upper hand for the organization or something that can enable the organization to manage its current upper hand (Avdjiev, McCauley Shin 2016). Another essential is the responsibility for capabilities. The organization ought to have a few skills that will enable it to offset the incognizance of remote markets and natural conditions. Likewise, the organization ought to have some hierarchical abilities that will expand the ROI by utilizing the organization's key qualities seriously. These three requirements are basic for choosing the method of internationalization and the method of nation section that will enable the organization to contend in world business. There are numerous techniques embraced by organizations to internationalize and overcome remote markets. The most punctual strategy utilized by firms in their procedure of getting to be MNEs was fares and imports. This may incorporate both stock fares and imports and administration fares and imports. Administration fares and imports might be tourism and transportation, benefit execution and resource utilize. A few administrations acquire instalment for the organizations for the execution of those administrations (Avdjiev, McCauley Shin 2016). For instance, the organizations may pay expenses for turnkey ventures, which are exchanged, to the proprietor once they are operational. Administration contracts likewise acquire the organizations charges for the execution of general and concentrated administration capacities for another. Resource utilize incorporates Licensing, Franchising, and so forth. Authorizing is the way toward enabling another organization to utilize its elusive resourc es like licenses, trademarks, copyrights, or mastery, under contracts known as permitting understandings for which they win sovereignties. Diversifying is the procedure of business in which an organization allows another organization to utilize the trademark as an advantage of the franchisee's business. The franchisor will help the franchisee by providing crude materials, administration administrations and so forth and furthermore will set down rules and gauges that are to be trailed by the franchisee (Cangiano, Curristine Lazare, 2013). The companies might face hurdles in becoming in being multinationals: One of the best authoritative favourable circumstances is mark acknowledgment, which at worldwide levels of business is much esteemed. The organization can spread risks through multinationals. On the off chance that the economy is moderate or request is dropping in one nation, odds are it will be flourishing in another One reason might be to rival bigger organizations and perhaps to get economies of scale. The market for some items if winding up increasingly worldwide particularly with the web thus it is another motivation to multinational organization to survive. The measure of the market serves as multinationals there might be 1 million out of 60 million in the UK who need your item, where as there are billions on the planet thus your market size would increment thus would deal. A firm ends up plainly multinational just when nationals of at least two nations successfully claim the head quarter or parent organization. The idea of acquiring power equality (PPP) has two applications: it was initially created as a hypothesis of swapping scale assurance; however, it is presently principally used to look at expectations for everyday comforts crosswise over nations. From the point of view of swapping scale assurance, PPP is helpful as an update that fiscal arrangement has no long-run affect on the genuine trade rate (Cangiano, Curristine Lazare, 2013). In this way, nations with various swelling rates ought to expect their reciprocal conversion standard to alter to counterbalance these differentials over the long haul. The swapping scale, nevertheless, can veer off steadily from its PPP esteem in light of genuine stuns. To look at expectations for everyday comforts crosswise over nations, PPP trade rates are built by looking at the national costs for a huge wicker bin of merchandise and administrations. These rates are utilized to decipher extraordinary monetary forms into typical money to quantify the obtaining energy of per capita salary in various nations. A PPP swapping scale built in this way is not, be that as it may, a precise measure of the balance estimation of the market-decided swapping scale. Absolute obtaining power equality is a type talked about in A Beginner's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory (PPP Theory) (Brigham Ehrhardt 2013). In particular, it infers that "a heap of products should cost the same in Canada and the United States once you consider the swapping scale". Any differences from same (if products is not that expensive in Canada in comparison to United States), at that point it is ought to expect relative costs and the swapping scale between two nations to move in directions at bushel of merchandise have a similar cost in nations. The thought is communicated in properly within Purchasing Power Parity Theory (PPP Theory) (Allen, Hemming Potter 2013). Relative PPP portrays is in comparison with expansion rates in the nations. In particular, assume swelling rate in Canada is higher in comparison to US, causing cost of a wicker container of products in Canada (Brigham Ehrhardt 2013). Acquiring power equality requires the crate be a similar cost in every nation and this infers Canadian is decreased in comparison to U.S. dollar. The rate change is analysis of the cash should then equal to expansion rates among two nations. The Big Mac Index is distributed by The Economist as a casual method for measuring the buying power equality (PPP) between two monetary forms and gives a trial of the degree to which showcase trade rates result in products costing the same in various nations. References: Allen, R., Hemming, R., Potter, B. (Eds.). (2013).The international handbook of public financial management. Springer. Avdjiev, S., McCauley, R. N., Shin, H. S. (2016). Breaking free of the triple coincidence in international finance.Economic Policy,31(87), 409-451. Brigham, E. F., Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013).Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brooke, M. Z. (2016).Handbook of international financial management. Springer. Cangiano, M. M., Curristine, M. T. R., Lazare, M. M. (2013).Public financial management and its emerging architecture. International Monetary Fund. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Cremers, M., Ferreira, M. A., Matos, P., Starks, L. (2016). Indexing and active fund management: International evidence.Journal of Financial Economics,120(3), 539-560. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Dudin, M. N., Prokofev, M. N., Fedorova, I. J. E., Frygin, A. V., Kucuri, G. N. (2015). International Practice of Generation of the National Budget Income on the Basis of the Generally Accepted Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Jindrichovska, I. (2013). Financial management in SMEs.European Research Studies,16(4), 79. Jung, C. (2017). Public 6 finance and financial management.Public Administration and Policy in Korea: Its Evolution and Challenges, 118. Knights, D., Tinker, T. (Eds.). (2016).Financial institutions and social transformations: International studies of a sector. Springer. Madura, J. (2015).International Financial Management, Abridged. Cengage Learning. McKinney, J. B. (2015).Effective financial management in public and nonprofit agencies. ABC-CLIO. Petty, J. W., Titman, S., Keown, A. J., Martin, P., Martin, J. D., Burrow, M. (2015).Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Phan, D. H. T., Mascitelli, B., Barut, M. (2014). Perceptions towards international financial reporting standards (IFRS): The case of Vietnam.

Perfect Competition Essay Example

Perfect Competition Essay Perfect competition is a market structure with large number of buyers and sellers. There are no barriers to entry into the industry. Firms sell identical products that are perfect substitutes each other. In addition, they are well informed about prices and no have government intervention. Transport cost is negligible hence do not affect pricing. Price determined by the market must be accepted by the buyers and sellers. They are said to be price takers. Therefore, firms have no market power. Each firm in perfect competition seeks to maximize their profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost.Total revenue for a firm is the selling price times the quantity cost [ TR=(P*Q) ] . Total cost is the opportunity cost of production, which includes normal profit. Average revenue tells us how much revenue a firm receives for the typical unit sold. The average revenue equals the price of the good in perfect competition. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold. For competitive firm, marginal revenue equals the price of the good. In the short run, firms can make super-normal profits or losses under perfect competition. The firm has fixed resources and maximizes profit or minimizes loss by adjusting output.When a firm operates in a perfectly competitive market, its supply curve is its short-run marginal cost curve above average variable cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Perfect Competition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Perfect Competition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Perfect Competition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The firm should not produce, but should shut down in the short run if its loss exceeds its fixed costs. By shutting down, its loss will just equal those fixed costs. The shut down point is the level of output and price at which the firm just covers its total variable cost. For perfect competition, marginal revenue is equal to price as the firm is facing a perfectly elastic demand. Entry and exit is possible in the long run of perfect competitive.Long run firms are attracted into the industry if the supernormal profits are making by the incumbent firms. This is because there are no barriers to entry and there is perfect knowledge. The effect of this entry into the industry is to shift the industry supply curve to the right, which drives down price until the point where all super-normal profits are exhausted. If firms are making losses, they will leave the market as there are freely to exit, and this will shift the industry supply to the left, which increase price and allows those left in the market to derive normal profits.In perfect competition, optimal allocation of resources helped by high degree of competition. Lower price charged for the consumers. Consumer and producers surplus are maximized. This is because the change in demand leads extra supply. But insufficient profit for investment is one of the disadvantages in perfect competition. Besides that, perfect competition cause unequal distribution of goods and income. If there are externalities in production or consumption there is likely to be market failure without government intervention Competitive Markets.Due to the availability of many brands of the handsets in market, sellers share the market to comparatively smaller shares since the products are identical and serve the same intentions. The handsets are in this case standardized due to the functionality aspect they provide to the buyers. The government does not adjust the prices of the mobile phones in ties industry other than the normal taxes on business. The competitive aspect in this sector is mainly via prices such that the handset selling firms compete mainly using the prices (Lee, 2003).This is the ideal competitive environment where the products being sold are homogenous. From the Globe and Mail, deals with lamb prices in Canada. The article indicates that because the Orthodox and Western Christian Easters fall on the same Sunday in 2010, the demand for lamb and braided bread has gone up. And while there is a shortage of lamb there doesnt appear to be a shortage of bread. Lamb prices are up 22% over last year. Lamb producers in Alberta have been trying to convince people to take up the craft of raising sheep and hope that promise of higher prices will be an incentive.

The Holy Land essay essays

The Holy Land essay essays A possible solution to Israeli Palestinian peace is very hard to come by. Evidently, not all Israelis The only practical idea for creating a Palestinian-Israeli peace is the development of a large agreement. The approach of agreement calls for Israelis The method of agreement highlights the failing of the usual aggressiveness in the Israeli Palestinian relationship. It is a form based on the idea that the search for self-interest leads to the advantage of both sides. Agreement requires a cooperative form of Israeli Palestinian relationship that focuses on the benefits of peace for both sides. Neither Israelis nor Palestinians can get peace alone. In fact, both sides have to make sacrifices. Given present realities, the Israelis cannot be beaten in a war; yet, they cannot win politically. The loss of the ability to force a decision by war sets a restriction on the peace process. But it is a restriction that leaves room for strength, imagination, I give credit to Dr. Awad re report on this topic...

Criminal Law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law Master - Case Study Example The physical elements are collectively called the actus reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. It is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offence to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. In the absence of such proof the defendant will be acquitted." (http://www.lawteacher.net/Actus%20Reus%20Lecture.php ) To illustrate it in a better manner, in an English case, however, where a man ran at his mistress to hit her and the women jumped out of the window and thus met her death, it was held that the jumping out of the window was contributed to by the appellant's unlawful act and on that ground alone a verdict of murder might well have been returned but it was mercifully reduced to manslaughter.(R. v. Curley (1909) 2 Cr App R 109) Criminal Intention and the knowledge of the probable consequences of the act committed are important to prove in order to bring an action under homicide or murder. Where a person had an altercation with his wife in the street outside their home during which he struck her and she fell uncons cious and in his trial to drag her away in that state caused a fatal injury, he was convicted of manslaughter. It was decided by the court that the defendant cannot be set free as it can be said initially the intention was not there but later on the subsequent action that caused the fatal injury was done to conceal the commission of the unlawful assault.(R. v. Leburn,(1991) 3 WLR 653(CA) The Court of Appeal has laid down in R. v. Nedrick that knowledge or foresight of the probable consequences of an act cannot take the place of intention.(1986)3 All ER 1 CA) It can be said that Culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or it is done with the intention of causing such bodily injury as the offender knows to be likely to cause the death of the person to whom the harm is caused, or if it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death, or if the person committing the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must, in all probability, cause death or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and commits such act without any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death or such injury as aforesaid. According to the Homicide Act 1957 s.1 "Where a person kills another in the course or furtherance of some other offence, the killing shall not amount to murder unless done with the same malice aforethought (express or implied) as is required for a killing to amount to murder when not done in the course or furtherance of another offence." Throughout English Criminal Law it is the duty of prosecution to prove the accused's guilt. In every charge of murder, if the prosecution have proved homicide, namely, the killing by the accused, the prosecution must prove further that the killing was malicious and murder, as there is no presumption that the act was

Computer Professional Ethics Journal #2 & #3 Essay

Computer Professional Ethics Journal #2 & #3 - Essay Example With such inevitability, there is a need to make precautionary measures to counter forces that are bound to "steal" their "intellectual rights". In the United States, there has been a growing problem in appellate courts particularly in patentability of computer programs where they have been struggling with the subject matter requirement for patentability. The courts have been having trouble deciding whether various types of software can be accurately characterized as falling under any of the areas of patentable subject matter such as "processes" or "machines". During the early 70s, this has been the problem in the case of Gottschalk v. Benson, where the Court framed the issue as "The question is whether the method described and claimed is a process within the meaning of the Patent Act." As the years progressed, problems in patentability became more critical and complex. From the definition of "process", issues in patentability also delved into software originality, novelty, piracy, p rotection, and even at face value "stealing" (by pirating or recruiting the computer scientists from another company). And because of this, computer scientists must be well aware of these facts so that they could create counter measures such as security programs, password protections, and other suitable alternative

A Borderless Education Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Borderless Education - Personal Statement Example A native of Huangzhou, China, the 20 year-old girl who noticeably has dyed her hair into auburn is already in her third year as a Political Science major at London University at central London, just a few blocks away from her flat.It was her parent's idea to send her abroad to pursue college after she graduated in secondary school. She confesses that initially, she was to be sent to the United States were some of her relatives live. Li Ying really did not like the idea of being an alien in another place, more so living far away from her family. But since she had to follow her parents, she finally agreed on one condition-that she go to school in England. Her parents did not argue because they believed UK is known for their high quality education.Her very first day in school was that of a typical newcomer, scary, exciting and confusing all at the same time. But she did not experience stares from her classmates as expected. Maybe because it was already normal for Englishmen to see their kind, whose skin color was not far behind as theirs. She admits that at first, though she knows basic English, (she now has an English tutor) she had a little hard time understanding the Brit accent. "It was after every sentence that I got what they meant. The same thing when I talk. They often could not understand me either. But I've gotten used to it so it's okay now," she confesses. Li Ying admits, studying in England is not that easy. Aside from adjusting to the way of teaching, she had to focus intently and strive hard with the demands of international high standards British Universities offer. This has helped her to become more independent and mature. "I'm very lucky to study in a foreign land and get the best opportunities so I should really make good of my stay here. At least I do my best especially that the tuition fee is very costly. It will break my parent's heart if they learn that I'm not doing any good here. Compared back in my homeland, we are not spoon-fed here. You also have to do some self-study." This is one thing Li Ying admires about education particularly in her university. Aside from London University's good reputation as among the oldest schools in England, there is academic freedom. Cultural shock was also part of her journey wherein she describes British people as less conservative than Chinese. "It's all about adjusting. I mean, that's life. For me, you should learn to understand and adapt for (sic) other cultures just as long as you don't forget or feel ashamed of your roots." British Lifestyle While Li Ying values her studies seriously, social life is also in her vocabulary. "But we do it in moderation," she says. She has met some English guys and admits that they have caught her fancy. She dates once in a while but has not chosen one yet. "Maybe because I'm focused on my studies. Besides, that can wait," she laughs. Chinese or British "It doesn't matter what nationality as long as were both compatible and we understand each other, "she laughs her eyes disappearing again. Every waking day in England she says is getting more

Dealing with conflicts within a family

Dealing with conflicts within a family Most families in todays society will have to deal with a wide range of conflicts and issues concerning the sociology of the family. The purpose of this is essay is to evaluate the consensus and conflict theories of the family and to analyse the concept of gender roles within the family. It will also focus on the feminist critiques of the traditional approaches to the family, and examine two sociological explanations for domestic violence/ abuse within the family Consensus and conflict theory (Task 1) Consensus can be described as an agreed position or a set of values that stresses the importance of behaviour by learning to adjust to society and conforming to a set of norms and values. Whilst the conflict theory focusses on the uneven sharing of power within society and groups such as the workforce, which are in conflict with each other in terms of status and power. However both theories see the origin of human behaviour as being one that is shaped by structure rather than agency. Therefore it can be argued that consensus is a concept in which a common group is founded, whilst conflict can be said to be a disagreement of ideas and principles between people or society. (Giddens, A, 1997) Functionalism and the Family Consensus theory can be related to functionalism. Functionalism focusses on the need for people to conform to an agreed set of norms and values regardless of wealth, culture, race, sex or religion. This theory is carried through to their view of the family. Functionalism focusses on the Nuclear family which is one whos structure comprises of two generations, those being the parents who are joined in a monogamous marriage, and their children. The Nuclear family which evolved through the need to retain property within the family that could then be passed on to future generations supported an industrialist society as the set up of a two parent house hold would enable the father who is looked upon as the head of the house to go out and support a work industry in order to provide for his family, whilst the mother who remains at home would take care of the house and raise their children. (Giddens, A, 2006) Functionalism sees the family as a harmonious unit with the husband and wife living in agreement, and any future products of this marriage (children) being taught through primary socialisation which takes place within the family, the norms (e.g., accepted forms of behaviour and common culture) and values (e.g., value of life and money) of the society in which they are to grow up in. Moore (2001:324) states that the basic socialisation takes place in the family and it is here, through parents and relatives, that we learn the accepted morality of society. Marxism and the Family Marxism which can be related to the conflict theory, like functionalism views the family as an institution which socialises the children that are born into it. However, unlike functionalism which focuses on the family working to promote a consensus society which works as one to benefit everyone, Marxism has a different view of the family. They believe that opposition between profitable establishments such as manufacturing plants (which form a ruling class through individual possession and finance) and the majority of the population who will provide the labour for these institutions, exists. Marxism views the family (which produces the workers who will provide the labour for these economic institutions) as a unit which enables the class differences between the workers and the ruling class to remain and one which also allows for the exploitation of the workers as the status of the ruling class is maintained through the profit they receive from the products of the workers labour. Harala mbos and Langley(2003:39) states institutions such as the family, the education system and the political system are shaped by the requirements of capitalism and serve to support and maintain it. Marxists are of the opinion that patriarchy (which sees the husband adopting the role of the head of the home) exists within the nuclear family. They believe that patriarchy in the family evolved within a capitalist society due to the ownership of private property. Any of the wifes property once married came under the ownership of her husband and could then be passed on to lawfully-begotten inheritors, leading to the wife having no means of living independently from her husband. As cited in Haralambos and Langley (2003:39) In The Origin of The Family, Private Property and the State, first published in 1884, Friedrich Engels argued that the modern nuclear family developed in a capitalist society. Private property is at the heart of capitalism and it was largely owned by men. Before 1882 in Britain, Married women could not own property- it passed on to their husband on marriage. Patriarchy within the home allowed the husband who feels inferior in the workplace to assert his authority over his wife and family who are dependent on him as the bread winner in the family. He would take out his frustrations of work on the family and used dominance as a means of order and control. Moore (2001 167) states that It is women who have their careers interrupted by childbirth and women who carry the main responsibility for childcare. Women are therefore more likely to be financially dependant on their partners, which gives them less power over decision-making in family matters. Feminism and the Family Feminist Sociology is a controversial subject with wide and difficult boundaries. It is an issue that is not just about women, but one that is for women. It is believed that feminism started in the early19th century due to the increasing perception that women face injustice and inequality in a society they feel is dominated by men, be it the workplace or the home. Feminists are of an opinion that the family is one which allows for the control of women by men, through patriarchy. They believe that the ownership of property that is bestowed to men leads to domination of women within the home. The wife cannot cause conflict within the family unit by having a difference of opinion to that of her husband as she has no means of living independently from him, due to lack of the ownership of assets. Feminism sees the free labour a woman undertakes whilst raising her children as an injustice as a capitalism will gain from the fruits if her labour, due to the belief that her children will be a beneficial asset to a capitalist society as prospective workers. Feminism also argues that the wife will provide support (which is classed as emotional labour) to her husband by Listening to his complaints about work, all the while appearing to be in agreement with him, thus soaking up all of his frustration, which will again allow him to go back to the workplace and provide the labour which benefits a capitalist society. (Scott, J, 1996) Evaluation Although Functionalism, Marxism and feminism are all in agreement in their belief that the family plays a major role in society, each theoretical perspective has an individual perceptions of what the family stands for. Functionalism which focuses on consensus within the nuclear family does not take into account the fact that the structure of the family unit has evolved over time, and in todays society that unit may consist of single parent families and same sex marriages and Marxists would argue that functionalism promotes the sustenance of an unfair system within a capitalist society as they ignore any inequalities that exist in society. Marxists would argue that rather than being a unit of harmony, the family is an institution which exists in a society that consists of conflict due to inequalities of power, class and ownership of property in a capitalist society, and that patriarchy within the family evolved in a capitalist society due to the husbands need to assert control over his family due to his lack of power within the workplace. However Feminists would argue that Marxism accepts the dominance of women within the family, and that patriarchy is an excuse for a husband to have control over his wife. However, although feminism advocates for equal rights of women to men, critics of feminism believe that feminists have a pessimistic view of the family, which does not accept the fact that some women in society embrace their role in the family which enables them to nurture their children and provide moral support to their husband. This critique is evident in Haralambos and Langley (2003:41) which states that Critics argue that feminists are preoccupied with the negative side of the family life. They ignore the possibility that many women enjoy running a home and raising children. Gender Roles (Task 2) Gender roles can be described as cultural and personal. We learn the roles that are deemed as acceptable by society, primarily, from the family and the culture we grow up in and then secondarily from outside influences. Gender roles have a huge impact on behaviour and define the way that both male and females think, speak, dress and communicate within society. Parents tend to treat male and female offspring differently, thus instilling the primary socialisation of gender roles in children from when they are born. where the preference of parents is concerned, male children can be deemed as having an edge over their female siblings as majority of parents (especially fathers) would prefer to have a male child rather than a female child as this allows for the continuance of the family name. Secondary gender socialisation in learned through the influences in society such as peers and the media. This is done through the way the children are spoken to and the toys they are given to play with. Boys will often appear more boisterous when playing will act out scenes related to heroism, whilst girls will often take on a more demure role when playing, seeming to act out roles relating to carrying out domestic chores and childrearing. As sited in Giddens (2006:460-461) The toys, picture books and television programmes experienced by young children all tend to emphasize differences between male and female attributes. Although the situation is changing somewhat, male characters tend to outnumber females in most childrens books, television programmes and films. Male characters tend to play more active, adventurous roles, while females are portrayed as passive, expectant and domestically orientated (Weitzman 1972; zammuner 1987; davies 1991) The gender roles that are embedding into boys and girls through primary and secondary socialisation when young influences the roles they adopt within the family unit. It has been suggested by functionalism that men and womens roles within the family are different. This can be evident in functionalisms view of the family. They focus on the belief that men perform instrumental roles, whilst women play an expressive role, and the fact that the consensus theory of functionalism saw education and professional qualification being afforded to the males within the family as they were to be the providers and would have a superior role which involved making all the decisions within the family, whilst it was deemed that females had no use for education as they were to remain at home and carry out the domestic chores within the house, and nurture and raise the children. Marxism too saw the woman taking on a more domestic and caring role, tending to her husbands needs and rearing their children, whilst the husband who was the patriarchal figure in the family unit who owned all their property, went out to work to provide for his family. However, as a result of the emerging feminist movements, womens roles within the family has taken on a more liberal view. Education and professional qualification are now achieved by both men and women. Things that affect the family unit are now discussed between the man and the woman within the home and decision are made in agreement. Housework is now done on more even terms between men and women, and although women still carry out slightly more household chores than men. As sited in Giddens (2006:760) Surveys have found that women still spend nearly 3 hours a day on average on housework (excluding shopping and childcare). This compares with the 1 hour 40 minutes spent by men. (Office of National Statistics 2003). Domestic Abuse (Task 3) Domestic abuse can be described as the oppression and dominance through threats and acts of physical harm against one family member by another. It is used as a means of control and can be exhibited in a variety of ways ( these being verbal and non verbal) which range from low level acts, e,g, cursing, pushing and continual harrassment for sex, to more physical acts such as, the pulling of hair, punching, kicking and in extreme cases, violence which results in death. Although domestic abuse is said to be a deviant for of behaviour that is majority of the time perpetrated by men against women, domestic abuse of men by their female partners is becoming more recognised even though many cases of male abuse goes unreported due to the fact that men see admission of being a victim of abuse as an a loss of masculinity. Giddens (2006:221) states Most violent episodes between spouses reported to the police involve violence by husbands against their wives. Feminists state that domestic abuse inflicted on women within the home is down to patriarchy. They believe that through patriarchy the man adopts a role within the home that allows him greater status to that of the woman. This is done through the chances, within, what they believe to be a male dominated society which are afforded to him as a man,e,g, ownership of property, the attainment of educational qualifications and wealth. Feminists are of an opinion that men use violence as a means of controlling a womans behaviour in terms of keeping her submissive. Scott (1996:157) states Theorists of patriarchy have directed the subordination of women and found Their explanation for it in the male need to dominate the female. However feminists fail to acknowledge the concept that women are also offenders of abuse against men. Society finds it hard to conceive that men can be a victim of abuse at the hands of a woman as since the beginning of society women have always been observed as the weaker sex. As stated in an article on Elizabethan Women Elizabethan society was patriarchal, meaning that men were considered to be the leaders and women their inferiors. Women were regarded as the weaker sex. (www.elizabethi.org/us/women) However Marxists who also view the man as the main perpetrator of domestic abuse gives a different argument for the cause. They believe that the man who works in a capitalist society uses violences within the home as a means of releasing the stress that surmounts from working in an industrialist society. They also say that the man who is oppressed within the workplace will come home and use violence to assert his authority within the home as unlike the workplace, the family is an institution where he has power. (Giddens,1997) Elder Abuse (Task 3) Abuse of elder members within the family is becoming more general. This type of abuse can be performed through deliberately disregarding the needs of the elderly, e.g., not providing basic care needs to those less able to care for themselves, being verbally abusive towards them or inflicting pain through actual physical violence which include pinching, biting, slapping and punching. It is hard to know just how common elder abuse is as the victims are less likely to report the abuse that they sustain from members of their family unit. (Scott,1996) . In Macionis and Palmers book Sociology, a global introduction (1998) they provide one explanation of elder abuse as being due to the fact that, more families take on the responsibility of caring for elderly members ( which can be stressful in terms of financial burden and increase in labour within the home) alongside going out to work and raising their own children. In their book they ask the question What motivates people to abuse the elderly? and gives the answer as often the cause lies in the stress of caring. Feminist Critiques of the Traditional Family When society talks about the traditional family, they are in fact refering to the Nuclear Family, which is said to be one of harmony. The nuclear familys structure is one that consists of, a father and mother who are joined in a marriage (that practices monogamy) and their children. Conservative thinkers are said observe the family as The Pillar of Society. The family is said to support a capitalist industry by reproducing the individuals who provide the labour for the institutions which are there to make huge profits from the goods that are produced by the workers. Patriarchy exists within the Nuclear family. The Man is said to be The head of the family, and any money that is earned or any property that is inherited or bought by the family is said to be his. He too makes all the decisions that relate to the family unit. The womans role within the family is said to be more of a domesticated one. She will take on majority if not all of the household chores, and this includes the rearing of children. She is said to be the figure in the family who is observed as the carer. Meeting the care and emotional needs of her children and supporting her husband within a capitalist society by ensuring that he arrives home to an environment that is condusive after a hard and stressfull day at work. (Haralambos and Langley, 2003:39). However feminists view the family diferent from that of a conservative, as they view it as one that consists of inequality, opression , patriarchy and violence. Patriarchy: Gender Feminists conceive that the family is the basis for patriarchal capitalism, which gives rise to the subjugation of women. Liberal feminists consider marriage to be a tradition which needs to be reformed as opposed to extinguishing it altogether. This is evident in Betty Friedans book The Feminine Mystique in which she declared that Women in their 60s were enslaved by domesticity because of the roles they played as mothers and wives. She advocated for an improved quality of life for women outside of spousal relationship. Division of labour/ Free labour: Marxists feminists believes that the division of labour that is undertaken within the family unit is an inequality women as they will provide majority of the childcare and carry out a great percentage if not all of the household chores. Feminists see this unpaid work within the home as an unfair as, the woman taking care of the home enables the man to go out to work and earn money to support his family, which reinforces the position he adopts as the head of the family. They are also of an opinion that this responsibility of care in the home reduces the womans ability to go out and work and earn money which would provide her with a means of independence. Feminists also argue the injustice of the domestic abuse that a woman is subjucted to in the home, even though she is the individual who provides the most support to all other members within the family unit. Gender Inequalities: In Feminist perspective on Reproduction and the family,feminist critics such as Susan Okin suggest that For women to have fair equality of oppurtinity the family need to be re-adjusted on gender terms. This is a general view which is taken by most feminists, as most families are based on inequality and oppression. Okin also stated that the family is a linchpin for gender injustice she also argue that, as women depended on men for almost everything due to patriarchy, this allow them to be subjected to physical, sexual or psychological abuse.(www.illc.uva.ni)

There Are No Children Here Essays: Style -- There are No Children Here

Style of There Are No Children Here There Are No Children Here In Kotlowitz's description of the harsh realities of the Chicago projects, three stylistic elements stand out: his precise narration, his bluntness, and his questionable objectivity. These three elements blend to form a unique style that is particularly well-suited for There Are No Children Here. If there is one thing on which critics agree when discussing this book, it is that Kotlowitz is a brilliant narrator. He has a keen eye for the daily particulars of this dangerous neighborhood. Adding to this strength is the fact that he spent years in one particular Chicago project, earning the trust of his informants. What ensues is a story that is told masterfully. Kotlowitz conveys not only the hardships that Lafeyette and Pharaoh face, but the effect of those hardships on the boys, as well. For example, after the two children dive under cover during a drive-by shooting, both are visibly affected. The younger brother, Pharaoh, laments, "I worry about dying, dying at a young age." The older of the two, Lafeyett...

Motivation in The Workplace

Bonus pay can be defined as a payment In Dalton to an employee's base salary or hourly wage. Bonus pay is normally used to reward employees for a job well done, but it can be used to improve employee morale, productivity and motivation as well. Bonus's usually work best in an environment where the job greatly depends on an employee or employees to accomplish a goal with high effectiveness. With bonus payments, there is a significant advantage. Offering a cash amount to employees who complete a specific goal can offer Incentive.It also expresses a sign of appreciation awards an employee(s). This can then motivate en employee to continue working hard to achieve another bonus payment. There are disadvantages to bonus payments, such as a high cost for the company. Giving out bonus payments yearly, during holidays or at other times, must be calculated to figure out how many employees a company can afford to give a bonus to. Another drawback to bonus payments Is having to pay taxes. A bonu s Is added to your yearly Income, meaning a large bonus means higher taxes.Commissions Commission payments are an amount of money, whether it be a percentage or a flat ate, paid to an employee after completing a task, such as selling a product. Commission may be paid in addition to a salary or Instead of a salary. Commission works best in a retail sales business. Real estate is a good example. In retail sales, commission pay can encourage an employee to put 100% effort into a sale. When a worker Is offered commission pay, whether It's In addition to a salary or not, it offers the employee a high paying opportunity, as the number or sales they make effect their pay.By paying commission It also allows the company to weed out those who are not able to succeed at the job. If an employee cannot earn enough by commission pay, the company is then left with only the top earners, who clearly succeed at their jobs. A fluctuation in pay is considered a disadvantage. Some weeks an employee may earn a high amount, while other weeks sales may be very slow and earnings will be extremely low. This Is the largest disadvantage to commission sales. Especially If a worker Is being paid commission only – with no salary, an employee may end up working for many hours while not earning any money.Employee Stock Ownership (ESP.) Employee Stock Ownership is a program where employees accumulate shares and ay ultimately assume control of the company. These stocks can be acquired through purchase, or through bonuses. Seeps work best for large companies such as West Jet or other airlines. Sop's can increase production and profitability, and Improve employees' dedication and sense of ownership. When employees become owners in the company, they become more loyal and productive. Seeps also offer significant tax breaks to a company.Some disadvantages to Seeps are that an employee basically has all of their eggs in one basket, so if the company does not perform, the employee's investment could be lost. In addition to a loss of investment, s more shares are purchased, an employee's share becomes a smaller percentage of Gain-sharing is when a company's employees' performance improves, that company will share the financial gain. Gain sharing works to improve performance while eliminating wasted time, energy and materials.This way, as the employees' performance progresses, they profit from the company's savings from the improved performance. With gain-sharing, it focuses on rewarding only performance improvement, and payouts are self-funded from savings generated by the plan. Employees become more interested in the company's goals. Measures are narrower Han organization-wide profit and therefore gains may be paid even though profits may be down. Gain-sharing also requires that management openly shares information about performance, therefore a participative management style works best.Gain-sharing works best in a work place that focuses on groups rather than individual accomplishments. Profit-sharing Profit sharing is when the people who work for a company receive a direct share of the profits. The payouts are funded through company profits. Unlike gain-sharing, payouts are made when there is profit, performance doesn't necessarily have to show improvement. With profit sharing employees will be focused on the company's profitability. This motivates employees to work together for the success of the company. This in turn will allow employees to feel more committed to the company.Disadvantages of profit sharing include the fact that employees pay goes up equally, and there can be major fluctuations in smaller companies. This can then be very difficult for employees with their pay varying so much. Merit Pay Merit pay is extra pay rewarded to an employee regarding performance. If an employee succeeds at his or her Job, they are then rewarded with an additional mount of money to their regular salary. This type of financial incentive works excellent in e nvironments where employees work independently, as each employee can then be rewarded (or not rewarded) for their performance individually.Merit pay works well at Jobs related to retail sales. Merit pay is a very good motivator for employees. It shows the direct connection between hard work and rewards. An employee can be individually rewarded according to their performance. Merit pay also increases the commitment of employees. Each person will then strive to succeed to the best of their ability because they know it will be compensated. This is very good for company profit. Employees will also be more likely to stay within a company if they feel secure within their Job.Hard work being rewarded allows an employee to feel comfortable and secure. A disadvantage to merit pay is it can be affected by outside factors. In the case of a retail sales employee, sometimes no matter how hard they work to make a sale, that person may Just not want to purchase that item. This is a factor that can not be controlled, and affects that employee's pay. Merit pay also can cause pressure. If an employee is constantly worried about not being able to succeed ND earn a higher paycheck through their performance, that may affect their abilities as they are stressed out.Skill-based pay Skill-based pay is when employees are paid based on their individual skill levels knowledge and acquire new skills. This is best for self – motivated employees. Being paid according to skills allows the employee to focus on career development. This means you have to continue to develop new skills and education through courses and training if you want to increase your pay. Another disadvantage of knowledge- based pay is employees may feel bitter towards one another due to difference in pay. Motivation in The Workplace Bonus pay can be defined as a payment In Dalton to an employee's base salary or hourly wage. Bonus pay is normally used to reward employees for a job well done, but it can be used to improve employee morale, productivity and motivation as well. Bonus's usually work best in an environment where the job greatly depends on an employee or employees to accomplish a goal with high effectiveness. With bonus payments, there is a significant advantage. Offering a cash amount to employees who complete a specific goal can offer Incentive.It also expresses a sign of appreciation awards an employee(s). This can then motivate en employee to continue working hard to achieve another bonus payment. There are disadvantages to bonus payments, such as a high cost for the company. Giving out bonus payments yearly, during holidays or at other times, must be calculated to figure out how many employees a company can afford to give a bonus to. Another drawback to bonus payments Is having to pay taxes. A bonu s Is added to your yearly Income, meaning a large bonus means higher taxes.Commissions Commission payments are an amount of money, whether it be a percentage or a flat ate, paid to an employee after completing a task, such as selling a product. Commission may be paid in addition to a salary or Instead of a salary. Commission works best in a retail sales business. Real estate is a good example. In retail sales, commission pay can encourage an employee to put 100% effort into a sale. When a worker Is offered commission pay, whether It's In addition to a salary or not, it offers the employee a high paying opportunity, as the number or sales they make effect their pay.By paying commission It also allows the company to weed out those who are not able to succeed at the job. If an employee cannot earn enough by commission pay, the company is then left with only the top earners, who clearly succeed at their jobs. A fluctuation in pay is considered a disadvantage. Some weeks an employee may earn a high amount, while other weeks sales may be very slow and earnings will be extremely low. This Is the largest disadvantage to commission sales. Especially If a worker Is being paid commission only – with no salary, an employee may end up working for many hours while not earning any money.Employee Stock Ownership (ESP.) Employee Stock Ownership is a program where employees accumulate shares and ay ultimately assume control of the company. These stocks can be acquired through purchase, or through bonuses. Seeps work best for large companies such as West Jet or other airlines. Sop's can increase production and profitability, and Improve employees' dedication and sense of ownership. When employees become owners in the company, they become more loyal and productive. Seeps also offer significant tax breaks to a company.Some disadvantages to Seeps are that an employee basically has all of their eggs in one basket, so if the company does not perform, the employee's investment could be lost. In addition to a loss of investment, s more shares are purchased, an employee's share becomes a smaller percentage of Gain-sharing is when a company's employees' performance improves, that company will share the financial gain. Gain sharing works to improve performance while eliminating wasted time, energy and materials.This way, as the employees' performance progresses, they profit from the company's savings from the improved performance. With gain-sharing, it focuses on rewarding only performance improvement, and payouts are self-funded from savings generated by the plan. Employees become more interested in the company's goals. Measures are narrower Han organization-wide profit and therefore gains may be paid even though profits may be down. Gain-sharing also requires that management openly shares information about performance, therefore a participative management style works best.Gain-sharing works best in a work place that focuses on groups rather than individual accomplishments. Profit-sharing Profit sharing is when the people who work for a company receive a direct share of the profits. The payouts are funded through company profits. Unlike gain-sharing, payouts are made when there is profit, performance doesn't necessarily have to show improvement. With profit sharing employees will be focused on the company's profitability. This motivates employees to work together for the success of the company. This in turn will allow employees to feel more committed to the company.Disadvantages of profit sharing include the fact that employees pay goes up equally, and there can be major fluctuations in smaller companies. This can then be very difficult for employees with their pay varying so much. Merit Pay Merit pay is extra pay rewarded to an employee regarding performance. If an employee succeeds at his or her Job, they are then rewarded with an additional mount of money to their regular salary. This type of financial incentive works excellent in e nvironments where employees work independently, as each employee can then be rewarded (or not rewarded) for their performance individually.Merit pay works well at Jobs related to retail sales. Merit pay is a very good motivator for employees. It shows the direct connection between hard work and rewards. An employee can be individually rewarded according to their performance. Merit pay also increases the commitment of employees. Each person will then strive to succeed to the best of their ability because they know it will be compensated. This is very good for company profit. Employees will also be more likely to stay within a company if they feel secure within their Job.Hard work being rewarded allows an employee to feel comfortable and secure. A disadvantage to merit pay is it can be affected by outside factors. In the case of a retail sales employee, sometimes no matter how hard they work to make a sale, that person may Just not want to purchase that item. This is a factor that can not be controlled, and affects that employee's pay. Merit pay also can cause pressure. If an employee is constantly worried about not being able to succeed ND earn a higher paycheck through their performance, that may affect their abilities as they are stressed out.Skill-based pay Skill-based pay is when employees are paid based on their individual skill levels knowledge and acquire new skills. This is best for self – motivated employees. Being paid according to skills allows the employee to focus on career development. This means you have to continue to develop new skills and education through courses and training if you want to increase your pay. Another disadvantage of knowledge- based pay is employees may feel bitter towards one another due to difference in pay.

Educational Human Resources

There are various ways of looking at the cultural integration of the diverse population of the US. One view is that of the "melting pot," which proposes the people of different races and ethnicity should "blend together and assimilate into a common national culture" (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000, p. 75). A viewing countering this is to envision a "multicultural society," which suggests that different ethic groups can retain their culture and learn to coexist with each other (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000). While the "melting pot" scenario has been traditionally dominant among European-descended Americans, there has always been a strong undercurrent of multiculturalism (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000). Historians tell us that the US was never the homogenous culture that is presented by some traditionalists and conservatives. Diversity management is a concept that embraces the multicultural perspective. Within the field of education, it suggests that schools should not only consider the d iverse nature of its student population, but that administration policies should promote the "systematic and planned commitment" of the organization to "recruit, retain, reward and promote a heterogeneous mix of employees" (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000, p. 75). The demographics of the typical undergraduate student body have changed drastically over the course of the last decade. For example, one-third of American students are now minorities, which is up from 25 percent just a decade ago (Mellow, Van Slyck and Eynon, 2003). Forty percent of all undergraduates are now part-time students and 40 percent are over the age of 24, with 80 percent commuting to campus (Mellow, Van Slyck and Eynon, 2003). More than a quarter of these students are parents and 80 percent are employ, either full or part-time (Mellow, Van Slyck and Eynon, 2003). Furthermore, diversity is also indicative of the public school population. The National Center for Education Statistics, in th... Educational Human Resources Free Essays on Diversity Management/Educational Human Resources There are various ways of looking at the cultural integration of the diverse population of the US. One view is that of the "melting pot," which proposes the people of different races and ethnicity should "blend together and assimilate into a common national culture" (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000, p. 75). A viewing countering this is to envision a "multicultural society," which suggests that different ethic groups can retain their culture and learn to coexist with each other (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000). While the "melting pot" scenario has been traditionally dominant among European-descended Americans, there has always been a strong undercurrent of multiculturalism (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000). Historians tell us that the US was never the homogenous culture that is presented by some traditionalists and conservatives. Diversity management is a concept that embraces the multicultural perspective. Within the field of education, it suggests that schools should not only consider the d iverse nature of its student population, but that administration policies should promote the "systematic and planned commitment" of the organization to "recruit, retain, reward and promote a heterogeneous mix of employees" (Ivancevich and Gilbert, 2000, p. 75). The demographics of the typical undergraduate student body have changed drastically over the course of the last decade. For example, one-third of American students are now minorities, which is up from 25 percent just a decade ago (Mellow, Van Slyck and Eynon, 2003). Forty percent of all undergraduates are now part-time students and 40 percent are over the age of 24, with 80 percent commuting to campus (Mellow, Van Slyck and Eynon, 2003). More than a quarter of these students are parents and 80 percent are employ, either full or part-time (Mellow, Van Slyck and Eynon, 2003). Furthermore, diversity is also indicative of the public school population. The National Center for Education Statistics, in th...

Denmark Vesey, Leader of a Foiled Slave Revolt

Denmark Vesey, Leader of a Foiled Slave Revolt Denmark Vesey was born circa 1767 in the Caribbean island of St. Thomas and died July 2, 1822, in Charleston, South Carolina. Known in his early years as Telemaque, Vesey was a free man of color who organized what would have been the largest slave rebellion in the United States. Veseys work inspired abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and David Walker. Fast Facts: Denmark Vesey Known For: Organized what would have been the largest slave rebellion in U.S. historyAlso Known As: TelemaqueBorn: circa 1767 in St. ThomasDied: July 2, 1822, in Charleston, South CarolinaNotable Quote: â€Å"We are free, but the white people here wont let us be so; and the only way is to raise up and fight the whites.† Early Years Born into slavery, Denmark Vesey (given name: Telemaque) spent his childhood in St. Thomas. When Vesey was a teen, he was sold by slave trader Captain Joseph Vesey and sent to a planter in present-day Haiti. Captain Vesey intended to leave the boy there for good, but ultimately had to return for him after the planter reported that the boy was experiencing bouts of epilepsy. The captain brought young Vesey along with him on his journeys for nearly two decades until he settled for good in Charleston, South Carolina. Because of his travels, Denmark Vesey learned to speak multiple languages. In 1799, Denmark Vesey won a $1,500 lottery. He used the funds to purchase his freedom for $600 and to launch a successful carpentry business. However, he remained deeply troubled that he couldn’t buy the freedom of his wife, Beck, and their children. (He may have had up to three wives and multiple children altogether.) As a result, Vesey became determined to dismantle the system of slavery. Having briefly lived in Haiti, Vesey may have been inspired by the 1791 slave rebellion that Toussaint Louverture engineered there.  Ã‚   Liberation Theology In 1816 or 1817, Vesey joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church, a religious denomination formed by black Methodists after facing racism from white churchgoers. In Charleston, Vesey was one of an estimated 4,000 blacks to start an African A.M.E. church. He formerly attended the white-led Second Presbyterian Church, where enslaved black congregants were urged to heed St. Paul’s dictum: Servants, obey your masters. Vesey disagreed with such sentiments. According to an article written about him in the June 1861 edition of The Atlantic, Vesey did not behave submissively to whites and admonished blacks who did. The Atlantic reported: â€Å"For if his companion bowed to a white person, he would rebuke him, and observe that all men were born equal, and that he was surprised that any one would degrade himself by such conduct - that he would never cringe to the whites, nor ought anyone who had the feelings of a man. When answered, ‘We are slaves,’ he would sarcastically and indignantly reply, ‘You deserve to remain slaves.’† In the A.M.E. Church, African Americans could preach messages centered on black liberation. Vesey became a â€Å"class leader,† preaching from Old Testament books like Exodus, Zechariah, and Joshua to the worshippers who gathered at his home. He likened enslaved African Americans to the enslaved Israelites in the Bible. The comparison struck a chord with the black community. White Americans, however, tried to keep a close eye on A.M.E. meetings across the country and even arrested churchgoers. That didn’t stop Vesey from continuing to preach that blacks were the New Israelites and that slaveholders would be punished for their misdeeds. On Jan. 15, 1821, Charleston City Marshal John J. Lafar had the church closed down because the pastors had educated enslaved blacks during night and Sunday schools. Educating anyone enslaved was illegal, so the A.M.E. Church in Charleston had to close its doors. Of course, this only made Vesey and the church leaders more resentful. The Plot for Freedom Vesey was determined to take down the institution of slavery. In 1822, he teamed up with Angolan mystic Jack Purcell, ship-carpenter Peter Poyas, church leaders, and others to plot what would have been the largest slave revolt in US history. Known as a conjurer who understood the supernatural world, Purcell, also called â€Å"Gullah Jack,† was a respected member of the black community who helped Vesey win more followers for his cause. In fact, all of the leaders involved in the plot were considered upstanding individuals, held in high esteem across racial lines, according to reports from the time. The revolt, which was scheduled to take place on July 14, would have seen up to 9,000 black men from throughout the region kill any white man they encountered, set Charleston ablaze, and commandeer the city’s arsenals. Weeks before the rebellion was supposed to occur, however, some enslaved blacks privy to Vesey’s plans told their owners about the plot. This group included A.M.E. class leader George Wilson, who found out about the plot from an enslaved man named Rolla Bennett. Wilson, who was also enslaved, ultimately informed his owner about the revolt. Wilson wasn’t the only person who spoke about Vesey’s plans. Some sources point to an enslaved man named Devany who learned about the plot from another enslaved man and then told a free man of color about it. The freedman urged Devany to tell his owner. When news of the plot spread among the slaveholders, many were shocked- not just about the scheme to overthrow them, but also that men they trusted had been involved. The idea that these men were willing to kill for their freedom seemed unthinkable to the slaveholders, who argued that they treated slaves humanely, despite keeping them in bondage. Arrests and Executions Bennett, Vesey, and Gullah Jack were among the 131 men arrested for conspiracy in connection to the insurrection plot. Of those arrested, 67 were convicted. Vesey defended himself during the trial but was hanged along with about 35 others, including Jack, Poyas, and Bennett. Although Wilson won his freedom due to his loyalty to his slaveholder, he did not live to enjoy it. His mental health suffered, and he later died by suicide. After the trials related to the insurrection plot ended, the black community in the area struggled. Their A.M.E. Church was torched, and they faced even more repression from slaveholders, including being excluded from Fourth of July celebrations. Still, the black community largely regarded Vesey as a hero. His memory later inspired the black troops who fought during the Civil War, as well as abolitionists such as David Walker and Frederick Douglass. Nearly two centuries after Vesey’s foiled plot, the Rev. Clementa Pinckney would find hope in his story. Pinckney led the same A.M.E. Church that Vesey co-founded. In 2015, Pinckney and eight other churchgoers were fatally gunned down by a white supremacist during a midweek Bible study. The mass shooting revealed how much racial injustice remains today. Sources Bennett, James. â€Å"A Distaste for the Memory of the Tale.†Ã‚  TheAtlantic.com, 30 June, 2015.â€Å"Denmark Vesey.†Ã‚  National Park Service, 9 May, 2018.Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. â€Å"The Story of Denmark Vesey.† The Atlantic Monthly, June, 1861.â€Å"This Far by Faith: Denmark Vesey.† PBS.org, 2003. Hamitlon, James. Negro Plot. Account of the Late Intended Insurrection  among a Portion of the Blacks of the City of Charleston, South Carolina:  Electronic Edition. 1822.

Treatment of a patient with dog-bite wounds Research Paper

Treatment of a patient with dog-bite wounds - Research Paper Example Upon seeing the patent, the first indication was to treat her with flucloxacillin. However, flucloxacillin. However, I just realized that most dog and cat bites contain Pasteurella multocida which is ten times more likely to cause infections after an animal bite and in many cases this is resistant to flucloxacillin (Morgan & Palmer, 2007). Hence, flucolcaxicillin is to be used with other medication and this was going to cause more complications for the patient.Hence, there was the need to select a more specialized medication. There was the need for a medication that will help the patient to deal with any growing threat of infection that could result from the dog bite. This is because allied complications like tetanus and other possibilities were effectively eliminated. In this case, the patient is a 30-year-old lady. In this situation, the patient is to be viewed as an adult and a female. And hence, her condition and situation were to be considered in-depth. As a matured patient, she was expected to be capable of signing her contracts and also dealing with various complications. However, further details like her work commitments and family commitments were necessary to arrive at the right and most appropriate approach and method of dealing with the situation. With the information available, it was apparent that she qualified for adult medication and other social considerations like going home and going to work among other things were to be considered.

Segmentation and Target Market Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Segmentation and Target Market Paper - Essay Example It is the process of splitting customers in a market into different groups (McDonald and Dunbar, 2012). Industries can segment the target market according to either large or small consumer numbers, or their geographic location. A target market refers to a group of organizations or people, for which and industry develops and implements strategic plans so as to meet the group’s needs. The essay that follows discusses on segmentation and target market within the Nike Company. Nike Company is one of the largest athletic sport equipment companies in the world. It was founded by Phil Knight, a former Oregon University coach, and has its headquarter Oregon, Beaverton (Hill and Jones, 2010). It is one of the companies that have had a tremendous growth over the past years. It has segmented markets in different areas, which include Oregon, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Europe and Japan (Porter and Norton, 2013). Its inclusion of services in other areas results from the company’s grow th and increased service need in the areas. Market Segmentation in Nike Company Demographic Characteristics This is dividing a company’s service provision according to age, race, gender, and social class, among others (Gitman and McDaniel, 2009). ... Nike’s segmentation of business in the various locations aims at meeting the same need for sport wears both to the young and the aged. Income also contributes to Nike’s market segmentation to other areas. For example, Japan is a country whose income is high due to automobile and other industries. However, it might not have the ability to produce wears suitable for sporting as those Nike Company produces. The need for proper sport wears gives Nike to expand its services to Japan. The company also produces wears for all genders where different clothes exist for women and men players. The target market in this market segment is both male and female athletes who exist in the regions around Nike Headquarters, and those in other countries like Japan. Psychographic Characteristics This involves segregating market in terms of people’s common activities, interests, and opinions (Gitman and McDaniel, 2009). Nike Company’s headquarter is in a location where people ha ve a common interest in sporting. The founder aimed at providing state-of-the-art athletic shoes that convince customers that they are the best-suited and necessary for sporting and athletic interests in the region (Hill and Jones, 2010). The psychographic segmentation by Nike targets sales from athletes from the Oregon region who have an interest in sports and need comfortable shoes to support them in their sporting activities. As Hill and Jones (2010) point, in the past Nike concentrated on making shoes for basketball and track market segments more than other sports like golf and soccer among others, but later realized that engaging in the making shoes for other sporting activities can bring a lot of profits. This made the

Analyzing and Discussing Primary and Secondary Source Documents Essay

Analyzing and Discussing Primary and Secondary Source Documents - Essay Example Both the South and the North American sub- continent were very actively involved in slave trade and the slaves themselves who they relied on so much to work on their farms during the period of the agrarian revolution in America. Most slaves were drawn from the African continent due to the rise in the price of the slaves from the European continent (Olmsted, 1997). The next available opportunity therefore lied in Africa and as a result, a large bulk of slaves were drawn from the African continent to work on the American cotton farms that were rapidly expanding in size and increasing in demand as more industries set up their operations across the continent. Many of these slaves were kept and transported under very pathetic conditions. The slaves had totally no rights for their lives and their daily lives were determined by their masters who were as well very cruel and inhuman in the way they dealt with the slaves. However, there was a sharp and stern contrast in the manner in which sla ve trade and slavery was practiced in the southern and the northern parts of the American continent. This document will look at the underlying differences which existed in the manner in which slaves were handled in the southern as well as in the northern parts of America and the underlying factors which led to the abolition of slave trade in America in line with the views of Calhoun. As Calhoun argues slavery in North America in a rather harsh and a cruel manner that no human he says should ever be subjected to. The harsh treatment which the slaves in North America were undergoing as they went about carrying out their duties on the Americans’ farms was rather pathetic and could be ranked at the greatest point in the analysis of human injustices ever committed by man against his fellow man in the world. The slaves in North America had no rights at all and were treated by their masters as if they were animals and not human beings at all. Their masters went round in their workin g places with whips in their hands and anytime would be dreadful to any slave if at all these masters decided to use their whips on them. As DeBow notes comparing slavery in the north and that in the south during this time, he notes that the slaves in the South were treated in a better way as compared to those in the North (DeBow, 2003). That the Southern slave masters rarely used their whips on their slaves unless it was very necessary and could only be used as the last resort in case of any problem. In this was then he argues that the slaves who were working on the southerners’ farms had more freedom than those on the Northern farms. Rush justifies Calhoun’s observations by quoting the following statement â€Å"lay in northern industrial cities where exploited workers ‘toil their weary way from the cradle to the grave, and whose worn, emaciated frames†¦sink into that quiet rest never known in life† (Rush, 2002). On the other hand the slaves in the s outhern parts as Ira Berlin notes were a bit ell treated and the conditions in which they were subjected at their work places moderately better, by justiying the conditions in the southern farms, Calhoun tries to claim that the southern slavery has no problem as it is in line with human ethics (Ira Berlin et al., 1985). Having good respect and curtessy for the southern slaves would therefoe mean that the made of slavery and slave trade was actually not a crime aginst hunanity but rather the northern slavery. By Olmsted saying that the blacks